Permanent Sattlement

wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ 1793 mGb KbÆIqvwjm cÉkvmb KZƆK BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwb miKvi I evsjvi Rwg gvwjKG`i (mKj ˆkÉYxi Rwg`vi I Õ¼Z¯¨ ZvjyK`viG`i) gGaÅ mÁ·vw`Z ‰KwU hyMv¯¦Kvix Pzwî×| ‰B Pzwî×i AvIZvq Rwg`vi JcwbGewkK ivÓ¡ËeÅeÕ©vq f„-mÁ·wîi wbiâzk Õ¼Z½vwaKvix nb| Rwgi Õ¼Z½vwaKvix nIqv QvovI Rwg`viMY Õ¼Z½vwaKvGii myweavi mvG^ wPiÕ©vwqfvGe AcwieZÆbxq ‰K wbaÆvwiZ nvGii ivRGÕ¼ Rwg`vwiÕ¼Z½ jvf KGib| Pzwî×i AvIZvq Rwg`viG`i KvGQ miKvGii ivRÕ¼-`vwe e†w«¬i c^ i‚«¬ nGq ˆMGjI Rwg`viG`i Zid ˆ^GK cÉRvG`i Ici ivRGÕ¼i `vwe e†w«¬i ˆÞGò ˆKvb wewawbGla AvGivwcZ nq wb| Rwg`viG`i Rwg weò×q, e®¬K, `vb BZÅvw` DcvGq AevGa nÕ¦v¯¦Gii AwaKvi ^vKGjI ZvG`i cÉRv ev ivqZG`i ˆm AwaKvi ˆ`Iqv nq wb| wbqwgZ LvRbv cwiGkva mvGcGÞ DîivwaKviò×Gg Rwgi gvwjK ^vKvi cÉ^vMZ AwaKvi ivqZG`i ^vKGjI Rwg nÕ¦v¯¦Gii AwaKvi ZvG`i wQj bv| miKvGii ˆejvq Rwg`viG`i AekÅ ‰KwU `vq`vwqZ½ KGVvifvGe cvjbxq wQj| ˆmwU nGœQ wbqwgZ miKvGii ivRÕ¼ `vwe cwiGkva Kiv| Rwg`viMYGK ‰B gGgÆ üuwkqvi KGi ˆ`Iqv nq ˆh, ZvG`i ˆKD wbaÆvwiZ ZvwiGL wKwÕ¦ cwiGkvGa eÅ^Æ nGj ˆLjvwc eÅwî×i mKj Rwg ev ‰me Rwgi ‰gb ‰K Ask hv eGKqv `vwe cƒiGYi RbÅ hG^Ó¡ MYÅ nGZ cvGi, Zv AekÅB wbjvGg weò×q Kiv nGe|

cÉvGPÅ weËwUk mvgËvGRÅi bxwZ-wbaÆviKG`i gGaÅ `xNÆ weZKÆ I AvGjvPbvi ci cÉYxZ wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦GK AvG`Œ ivRÕ¼ msMÉGni eÅeÕ©vgvò i…Gc MYÅ Kiv hvq bv| eis ‰wU wQj JcwbGewkK ivGÓ¡Ëi wbq¯¨Y eÅeÕ©viB ‰KwU cÉavb Ask| cÉkvmGbi wbeÆvnx wefvM, wePvi wefvM I cywjk wefvMGK wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ eÅeÕ©v KvhÆKixKiGYi Dchyî× KGi ˆZvjv nq| ZGe, ‰ eÅeÕ©v eRvq ivLvi mKj mhð cÉqvm mGî½I Dwbk kZGKi ˆMvovi w`GK f„wg ivRÕ¼ AvBb-‰i cÉfve, ‰B kZGKi ˆkGli w`GK mvgËvRÅevG`i Dïvb, wek kZGK RvZxqZvevG`i cÉPvi-cÉmvi I RbmsLÅv e†w«¬i gGZv bvbv KviGY m†Ó¡ bZzb cwiwÕ©wZi PvGc ‰GZ AeÞGqi mƒPbv nq| wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ ejer nIqvi ci ˆ^GK ‰ eÅeÕ©vi KGqK `dv msGkvab I cwieZÆb Kiv nq| cwiewZÆZ evÕ¦eZvi ˆcÉÞvcGU AeGkGl 1950 mGb mgMÉ eÅeÕ©vB wejyµ¦ Kiv nq|

KjKvZvq Rwg`vwi (1698) cÉwZÓ¤vi ci ˆ^GK Bswjk BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi ivR‹bwZK cÉfve-cÉwZcwî ò×gvMZ evoGZ ^vGK| cjvkxi hyG«¬ (1757) beve wmivRGóŒjvi civRGqi ci ˆKvÁ·vwb meÆvGcÞv AvwacZÅkxj nGq IGV| ZGe BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi ˆ`Gki cÉK‡Z kvmK nGq DVvi mwZÅKvi cÉwò×qv ÷i‚ nq evsjv, wenvi I DwolÅvi (1765) ˆ`Iqvwbi `vwqZ½ MÉnGYi ci| ˆ`Iqvwb eÅeÕ©vq ˆKvÁ·vwb evsjvi KvhÆZ Aaxk¼i nGq IGV|

bvbv evavweGN³i KviGY evsjvi ‰B bZzb Aaxk¼i ˆMvov ˆ^GKB ivRÅ kvmGbi RbÅ cÉÕ§Z wQj bv| ˆKvÁ·vwbi ewYK I wnmveiÞK wnGmGe evsjvq ˆKvÁ·vwbi KgÆKZÆviv cGYÅi ˆKbvGePv, eÅemvGqi my`xNÆ wÕ©wZcò BZÅvw` ŠZwiGZ `Þ wQj eGU, ZGe kvmbKvGR Zviv wQj ‰GKevGiB Aæ| RbeGji Afve, fvlvi mgmÅv, ˆ`kR eÅeÕ©v I cÉwZÓ¤vb mÁ·GKÆ AæZv, evsjvq AbÅvbÅ cÉwZ«¼±«¼x ŠeG`wkK mgy`ËPvix RvwZi DcwÕ©wZ BZÅvw` KviY evsjvq DcwbGek ivÓ¡Ë MGo ˆZvjvi KvGR ZvG`i kÏ^ MwZGZ AMÉmi nGZ evaÅ KGi| ‰GKevGiB ˆMvovi w`GK ˆKvÁ·vwb ZvB ˆ`kxq mnGhvMxG`i ˆhvMmvRGm ‰B bZzb DcwbGek kvmGbi c¯©v MÉnY KGi| beÅ kvmKG`i mgmÅvwU wQj ‰B ˆh, ‰wU AvGgwiKv ev AGÕ¡Ëwjqvi gGZv bZzb emwZ Õ©vcGbi DcwbGek wQj bv, gƒjG`Gki (BsjÅvG´£i) AvBb I cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK eÅeÕ©v Abyhvqx ‰wUi kvmb cwiPvjbvI mÁ¿e wQj bv| Avevi evsjvi Awaevmxiv AvwdÌKv ev cÉkv¯¦ gnvmvMGii «¼xcG`kàwji Avw`evmxG`i gGZv ˆKvb AaÆmfÅ RbmgvRI wQj bv, ˆh KviGY ‰LvGb ˆeòkvmb wQj AevÕ¦e|

meGPGq eo mgmÅvwU ˆ`Lv ˆ`q AvBb-Kvbyb cÉGqvGMi ˆÞGò| ˆKvÁ·vwb evsjvi wbRÕ¼ AvBb-Kvbyb ev cÉvwZÓ¤vwbK eÅeÕ©v Abyhvqx ˆ`k kvmGbi AeÕ©vq wQj bv, ˆKbbv Zv nGZv DcwbGek ivÓ¡Ë cÉwZÓ¤vi gƒj DGóGkÅiB cwic¯©x| ejvevüjÅ, BÕ¡ Bw´£qv ˆKvÁ·vwbi DGókÅ wQj, cÉvPÅG`kxq evwYRÅ cwiPvjbvq evsjvi ivRÕ¼ AvqGK cuywR wnGmGe eÅenvi Kiv| ‰B cwiwÕ©wZGZ cjvkx cÉv¯¦Gii NUbvi bvqK I ˆ`Iqvwb Pzwî×i (1765) cÉGYZv ievUÆ KÑvBf‰i A¯¦Z mvgwqKfvGe nGjI cwiK͸bv wQj ˆ`kwU ˆ`kxq ˆjvKG`i «¼vivB kvwmZ nGe| Zuvi cwiK͸bv Abyhvqx ˆ`kx ˆjvGKiv ZvG`i wbRÕ¼ AvBb-Kvbyb I ixwZ AbymvGi ˆ`k kvmb KiGe, Avi ˆKvÁ·vwbi KvR nGe ÷ay ‰K Dcwikwî× wnGmGe gywkÆ`vevG` bIqvGei `ievGi wbhyî× ˆKvÁ·vwbi ‰KRb cÉwZwbwai gvidZ D«¼†î ivRÕ¼ msMÉn Kiv|  Šmq` gynvÁÃv` ˆiRv Lvb (1717? -1791) bvGg Bivb ˆ^GK fvMÅvbym®¬vGb AvMZ I evsjvq `xNÆKvj wbevmx ‰K eÅwî×GK bvGqe `xDqvb wnGmGe wbhyî× KGi Zvi Ici ˆ`kkvmb cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ½ AcÆY Kiv nq| ˆiRv LvbGK bvevjK bIqvGei (bvRgy`-`vIjv) bvGqe bvwRg ev AwffveK wbhyî× Kiv nq| bvGqe bvwRg i…Gc gynvÁÃv` ˆiRv Lvb wQGjb wbRvgZ ev AmvgwiK cÉkvmb cÉavb Avi bvGqe `xDqvb wnGmGe wZwb wQGjb `xDqvwb ev ivRÕ¼ cÉkvmGbi cÉavb| ZvGK ˆ`kxq AvBb-Kvbyb I cÉ^v Abyhvqx ˆ`k kvmb Kivi Õ¼vaxbZv ˆ`Iqv nq|

KÑvBf cÉYxZ ‰B kvmbc«¬wZGK mvaviYZ Š«¼Zkvmb eÅeÕ©v eGj cvVÅMÉG¯© DGÍÏL Kiv nGq ^vGK| ‰B eÅeÕ©vwU 1767 mb Aewa fvjfvGeB KvhÆKi wQj| H eQGiB KÑvBf ‰G`k ˆ^GK P„ov¯¦fvGe we`vq ˆbb| KÑvBGfi mg^ÆGb ˆiRv Lvb `ÞZvi mvG^B ˆKvÁ·vwbi ivRÅ kvmGb mÞg nb| ZGe c†Ó¤GcvlK KÑvBf-‰i wbR ˆ`Gk cÉZÅveZÆGbi ci ˆiRv LvbGK ˆdvUÆ DBwjqvGgi DœPvwfjvlx KgÆKZÆvG`i Pig weGivwaZv ˆgvKvGejv KiGZ nq| ˆdvUÆ DBwjqvGgi ‰me KgÆKZÆv ivZvivwZ abx nevi evmbvq ˆiRv LvGbi cÉfve-cÉwZcwî nËvGm e«¬cwiKi nGq IGVb| Zviv chÆvqò×Gg ˆiRv LvGbi nvZ ˆ^GK cÉkvmb wbGRG`i nvGZ ZzGj ˆbb| ZvG`i ‰ nÕ¦GÞGci welq cÉ^g Õ·Ó¡ nGq IGV wewf®² ˆRjvq BDGivcxq Zî½veavqK wbGqvGMi gvaÅGg| ZvG`iGK AvcvZ`†GkÅ ˆ`Gki wewf®² AçGji BwZnvm Abym®¬vGbi `vwqZ½ ˆ`Iqv nq| wK¯§ ˆiRv Lvb AwfGhvM KiGZ ^vGKb ˆh ‰B bewbhyî× KgÆKZÆviv cÍÏx AçGj òvGmi ivRZ½ KvGqg KiGQb| mivmwi ˆ`k kvmGbi ˆÞGò cGii eÅeÕ©vwU wQj gywkÆ`vevG` (evsjvi RbÅ) I cvUbvq (wenvi I DwolÅvi RbÅ) `ywU ivRÕ¼ cwil` (Revenue Councils) cÉwZÓ¤v| BDGivcxq Zî½veavqKiv ‰B `yB cwilG`i AvIZvq KvR KiGZ ^vGKb| ˆiRv Lvb ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg cwilG`i KvGQ ‰B gGgÆ AwfGhvM KiGZ ^vGKb ˆh, Afů¦ixY eÅemv-evwYGRÅi bvGg ˆKvÁ·vwb KgÆKZÆviv ˆ`Gki cÍÏx Rbc`àwjGZ jyVcvU PvjvGœQ| wK¯¦ cÉwZKvGii cwieGZÆ ‰me AwfGhvM ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KZÆvG`iGK Zuvi wei‚G«¬ AviI wÞµ¦ KGi ˆZvGj| ‰i cwiYwZGZ K‡wl I wk͸ ˆÞGò g±`v ˆ`Lv ˆ`q, dGj 1769/70 mGbi gnv`ywfÆÞ msNwUZ nq| ‰ `ywfÆGÞ evsjvi ˆgvU RbmgwÓ¡i ‰K Z‡Zxqvsk cÉvY nvivq| evsjvi `yB-Z‡Zxqvsk dmwj Rwg ˆjvGKi AfvGe ˆSvc-Rãjgq nGq IGV|

‰ aiGbi a»smjxjvi KviGY bZzb ‰B ivGRÅ cÉkvmGbi aib mÁ·GKÆ kvmKG`i AvGMi aÅvbaviYv cyGivcywi e`Gj hvq| ˆ`kxq cÉwZwbwai gvaÅGg ˆKvÁ·vwbi ˆ`Iqvwb cÉkvmb cwiPvjbvi aviYvwU cwiZÅî× nq| ˆKvÁ·vwbi cwiPvjK mfvi wbG`ÆGki (28 AvMÕ¡ 1771) AvIZvq KjKvZvi ˆdvUÆ DBwjqg KvDw´Öj ˆ`Iqvwb cÉkvmGbi ˆÞGò wbGRGKB myev evsjvi RbÅ mGeÆvœP miKvi ˆNvlYv KGi| bvGqe `xDqvb ˆiRv LvbGK c`PzÅZ KGi `ybÆxwZ I AwbqGgi `vGq Kvivi‚«¬ Kiv nq|

ˆKvÁ·vwbi AvçwjK welqvw` cÉkvmGbi RbÅ 1772 mGb KjKvZvq ivRÕ¼ KwgwU bvGg ‰K ˆK±`Êxq KZ‡ÆcÞ MVb Kiv nq| ‰ KwgwUi ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ nb MfbÆi ‰es evsjvi ˆdvUÆ DBwjqGgi ˆcÉwmGW´Ÿ| Avi ‰fvGeB KjKvZv bxiGe fviGZ weËwUk mvgËvGRÅi ivRavbx bMixGZ cwiYZ nq| ˆdvUÆ DBwjqvGgi MfbÆi IqvGib ˆnwÕ¡sm ˆNvlYv KGib ˆh, KÑvBGfi `xDqvwb I wbRvgZ Š«¼Z-cÉkvmb eÅeÕ©v ‰Lb Avevi 1765-i AvGMi eÅeÕ©vi gGZvB mgw¯¼Z eÅeÕ©vq cwiYZ nGe| ‰B eÅvLÅv-weGkÏlGYi wfwîGZ 1772 mGb KGqK `dv BÕ¦vnvi Rvwi nq| ‰me BÕ¦vnvi Abyhvqx ivRÕ¼ PvwlG`i cÉKvkÅ wbjvGg cuvP eQi ˆgqvG`i RbÅ Rwg BRviv ˆ`Iqv nq| ‰B cuvPmvjv eG±`veÕ¦ wÕ©i Kivi `vwqZ½ ˆ`Iqv nq MfbÆi I KvDw´ÖGji Pvi m`GmÅi ˆbZ‡GZ½ ‰K mvwKÆU KwgwUGK| ‰B KwgwUi AviI `vwqZ½ wQj BRviv`viG`i KvQ (PvwlG`i) ˆ^GK ivRÕ¼ Av`vq Kiv| ˆ`kxq ˆRjv KgÆKZÆv Z^v ˆdŒR`vi, KvbybGMv Avi AvwgjG`i RvqMvq Õ©jvwfwlî×  nGjv weËwUk KvGjÙi ev ivRÕ¼ Av`vqKZÆv|

cuvPmvjv ivRÕ¼ eG±`veÕ¦ mevi RbÅ ÞwZKi eGj cÉgvwYZ nq| ivRÕ¼ wbjvg`viiv AZzÅœP nvGi LvRbv Av`vq KiGZ ^vGK| ‰Gnb cwiwÕ©wZGZ AGbK ivqZ Rwg ˆQGo cvwjGq hvq, KZ‡ÆcGÞi KvGQ AwfGhvM ˆck KGi wKsev ˆÞòweGkGl Dfq c¯©vB AejÁ¼b KGi ‰es eü RvqMvq weG`Ëvn ˆNvlYv KGi| ZGe ˆhGnZz ˆLv` miKviB AwaK ˆ^GK AwaKZi ivRÕ¼ Av`vGq wQj Abgbxq ˆmGnZz wbcxwoZ ivqZ ev cÉRvGK Õ¼wÕ¦ ˆ`Iqvi gGZv mw`œQv wQj bv, ZvG`i ˆmi…c cÉkvmwbK mvg^ÆÅI wQj bv| dGj, cÍÏx RbcG` A^Æ‹bwZK AeÕ©vi `Ë‚Z AebwZ NGU| eG±`veÕ¦ mÁ·v`Gbi ci ˆ^GK ò×GgB ewaÆZ nvGi eGKqv ivRGÕ¼i ˆRi cyéxf„Z nGZ ^vGK| miKvGii KvGQ AZů¦ Õ·Ó¡ nGq aiv cGo ˆh, cuvPmvjv eG±`veGÕ¦i welqwU wQj ‰K gnv cÉgv`| miKvi Dcjwº¬ KGi ˆh, Rwg wbq¯¨GYi ˆÞGò DîivwaKviwfwîK Rwg`viG`i ‰KUv mvgvwRK Õ¼v^Æ RwoZ wQj hv AÕ©vqx BRviv`viG`i ˆejvq wQj bv| ZvB aGi ˆbIqv nq ˆh, Rwg`viG`i ZvG`i cyivGbv ghÆv`v wdwiGq w`Gj I ZvjyGKi mÁ·` Abyhvqx ivRÕ¼ avhÆ Kiv nGj ‰Kw`GK ˆhgb ivRÕ¼ Av`vq mnRZi nGe Aciw`GK Zv K‡lKKzjGKI BRviv`vGii AZÅvPvi ˆ^GK ˆinvB ˆ`Ge| wK¯§ cuvPmvjv eG±`veGÕ¦i kZÆvewji KviGY ‰GÞGò miKvGii nvZ euvav wQj|

D«¿„Z cwiwÕ©wZGZ miKvGii RbÅ ‰Kgvò weK͸ wQj ‰B meÆbvkv eÅeÕ©vi ˆgqv` 1777 mGb ˆkl nIqvi ci ivRÕ¼ Av`vGqi mGeÆvîg c«¬wZ wK nGe Zv wbGq AvGMfvGMB wePvi-weGePbv KGi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbIqv| ‰ welGq KGqKwU weK͸ cÉÕ¦ve Kiv nq| 1775-‰i 28 gvPÆ AbywÓ¤Z ‰K mfvq KvDw´ÖGji AbÅZg m`mÅ wiPvWÆ eviIGqj Rwg`viG`iGK `xNÆGgqvG` f„wg eG±`veÕ¦ `vGbi cÉÕ¦ve KGib| 1776-‰i 22 Rvbyqvwi KvDw´ÖGji AvGiK m`mÅ wdwjc dÌvw´Öm ‰K Zî½ DcÕ©vcb KGib hvGK wZwb ‘wPiÕ©vqx f„wg ivRÕ¼ cwiK͸bv 1776’ eGj AwfwnZ KGib| wZwb hywî× ˆ`b ˆh, Rwg`viB Rwgi gvwjK| AZ‰e ZvG`iGK wPiÕ©vwqfvGe Rwgi eG±`veÕ¦ ˆ`IqvB evèbxq| Rwg`viG`i mvG^ f„wg eG±`veGÕ¦i eÅvcvGi IqvGib ˆnwÕ¡sm eviIGqjGK mg^Æb ˆ`b| Zuvi gGZ, f„wg eG±`veGÕ¦i ˆgqv` wbaÆviY Kivi AvGM ˆ`Gki mÁ·G`i weÕ¦vwiZ wnmve wbi…cY Kiv AvekÅK| ‰me AwfgGZi Ici ˆKvÁ·vwbi cwiPvjK mfv ˆh wbG`Æk cÉ`vb KGi Zv ˆnwÕ¡sGmi AwfgGZi AZů¦ KvQvKvwQ| cuvPmvjv eG±`veÕ¦ eÅeÕ©vi AemvGbi cÉvØvGj 1776 mGbi 24 wWGmÁ¼i ˆKvÁ·vwbi cwiPvjK-mfv wbG`Æk ˆ`q ˆh, wbjvGg Rwg BRviv `vGbi ixwZ ev` w`Gq ˆKej Rwg`viG`i mGã Rwgi ռ͸Ggqvw` eG±`veÕ¦ w`GZ nGe| mfv f„wg eG±`veGÕ¦i jGÞÅ Rwgi mÁ·` mwVKfvGe wbi…cGYi RbÅ cÉGqvRbxq Rwic cwiPvjbv KiGZ KvDw´ÖjGK civgkÆ ˆ`q| ‰fvGe KvDw´Öj 1777 mb I cieZÆx wZb eQGii RbÅ evwlÆK wfwîGZ Rwg`viG`i mGã f„wg eG±`veGÕ¦i wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbq|

ZGe bZzb eÅeÕ©vwU ivRÕ¼ Av`vGq AeÞq cÉeYZv ˆiva KiGZ cvGi wb| ivRÕ¼ eGKqv ò×GgB cyéxf„Z nGZ ^vGK| ivRÕ¼ kvmGbi `ÞZv e†w«¬i DGóGkÅ ˆMvUv ˆ`kGK AGbKàwj ˆRjvq wefî× Kiv nq| ˆRjv KvGjÙiGK ˆRjvi mGeÆmeÆv cÉkvmGK cwiYZ Kiv nq| KvGjÙiGK mKj wbeÆvnx I wePviwefvMxq ÞgZv cÉ`vb Kiv nq| ˆK±`Êvqb I nÕ¦GÞGci cÉZxK ivRÕ¼ KwgwUGK wejyµ¦ KGi Õ©vcb Kiv nq ivRÕ¼ ˆevWÆ, hvi `vwqZ½ nGjv ivRÕ¼-msò×v¯¦ welqvewji mvaviY ev mvweÆK wbq¯¨Y| Rwg`viMYGK ZvG`i Rwgi bÅvhÅ ivRÕ¼ wbaÆviGYi RbÅ ‰B KvGjÙGii gyLvGcÞx nGZ nq| ivRÕ¼ ˆevWÆI ivGÓ¡Ëi ivRGÕ¼i RbÅ KvGjÙGii Ici wbfÆikxj nq| 1786 mGbi msÕ•vi wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i cÉK‡Z cÉkvmwbK eywbqv` iPbv KGi| miKvi ZLb ˆ^GK AvGMKvi ˆhGKvb mgGqi ˆPGq AGbK  ˆewk Avñwek¼vm I `†pZvi mGã Rwg`viG`i mGã ˆevSvcovi RbÅ cÉÕ§Z nq| ZGe miKvGii ‰B cÉÕ§wZ ivRÕ¼ Av`vGq Lye ˆewk wbqg-k†›Ljv wbGq AvGmwb, ˆKbbv ivRÕ¼ Av`vGq ‰i cGiI AwbøqZv weivRgvb wQj|

wcU-‰i fviZ AvBb 1784-‰i ‰KwU `dvq KjKvZv miKviGK AbwZwejGÁ¼ ivRÕ¼ wbGq cixÞv-wbixÞv e®¬ Kiv ‰es miKvi I Rwg`vi Dfq ZiGdi RbÅ myweavRbK kGZÆi AvIZvq Rwg`viG`i mvG^ ivRÕ¼ cÉGk² wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ mÁ·v`Gbi wbG`Æk ˆ`Iqv nq| wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ Õ·Ó¡ wbG`Æk w`Gq 1786 mGb weËwUk f„Õ¼vgx ˆkÉYxi AbÅZg m`mÅ jWÆ KbÆIqvwjmGK MfbÆi ˆRbvGij KGi cvVvGbv nq| ‰KwU wPiÕ©vqx eÅeÕ©v cÉwZÓ¤vi RbÅ wZwb Zuvi ivRÕ¼ DcG`Ó¡v Rb ˆkvGii (ivRÕ¼ ˆevGWÆi mfvcwZ I KvDw´Öj m`mÅ) cÉej weGivwaZvi mÁÃyLxb nb| DGÍÏLÅ, Rb ˆkvi wQGjb evsjvi ivRÕ¼ welGq ˆmiv wekvi`| ˆkvGii wek¼vm wQj ˆh, AbwZwejGÁ¼ wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ mÁ·v`b Kivi gGZv hG^Ó¡ Z^Å ZvG`i nvGZ ˆbB| AekÅ bxwZMZfvGe wZwb wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ aviYvi weGivax wQGjb bv| Zuvi ˆKej Avcwî wQj wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ eÅeÕ©v cÉeZÆGbi mgq wbGq| Zuvi hywî× wQj ‰B ˆh, ‰GKKwU Õ¼Z¯¨ ZvjyGKi cÉK‡Z mÁ·` ‰es RwgGZ ivqZmn hvG`i Õ¼v^Æ RwoZ iGqGQ ZvG`i cÉK‡Z AwaKvi I `vq`vwqGZ½i welq weGePbvq bv wbGq wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ mÁ·v`b Kiv nGj ZvGZ ‰ Pzwî×i mKj cGÞiB Õ©vqx ÞwZ nGZ cvGi| ˆkvi ZvB wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ ejer Kiv AviI `yB ev wZb eQi Õ©wMZ ivLvi AbyK„Gj wQGjb, hvGZ KGi BZÅemGi Rwgi mÁ·` I RwgGZ AwaKvi mÁ·GKÆ chÆvµ¦ Z^Å msMÉn Kiv mÁ¿e nq|

wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ eÅvcvGi ‰Gnb cÉGk² KbÆIqvwjm I ˆkvGii gGaÅ cÉej gZcv^ÆKÅ ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| KbÆIqvwjm hywî× ˆ`b ˆh, MZ wek eQGi msM†nxZ Z^ÅB wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ mÁ·v`Gbi RbÅ hG^Ó¡| Zuvi AviI hywî× wQj, ˆKvb ‰K ev ‰KvwaK ZiGdi ˆejvq ˆKvb Mj`-ò‚wU aiv coGj ˆmàwj wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i my-cÉfvGe AwPGiB `ƒi nGq hvGe| KbÆIqvwjm wek¼vm KiGZb, wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ eÅeÕ©v Rwg`viG`i wbGRG`iGK D®²qbKvgx Rwg`vi I K‡wl cyuwRev`x KGi ˆZvjvi eÅvcvGi hG^Ó¡ ˆcÉiYv ˆhvMvGe|

KbÆIqvwjm I ˆkvi ZvG`i wbR wbR AwfgZ I ‰Z`msò×v¯¦ AbÅvbÅ `wjjcò ˆKvÁ·vwbi cwiPvjK mfvi KvGQ P„ov¯¦ wm«¬vG¯¦i RbÅ cvVvGZ mÁÃZ nb| Zviv AviI ‰KgZ nb ˆh, BZÅemGi miKvGii DwPZ nGe 1790 ˆ^GK 10 eQi ˆgqvG`i RbÅ Rwg eG±`veÕ¦ ˆ`Iqv hvi mvG^ ‰B gGgÆI weæwµ¦ ^vKGe ˆh, hw` cwiPvjK mfv wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i AbyK„Gj gZ cÉKvk KGib ZvnGj ‰B `kmvjv eG±`veÕ¦B AwejGÁ¼ wPiÕ©vqx eGj ˆNvwlZ nGe| KvDw´ÖGji mKj m`GmÅi mfvi KvhÆweeiYx mgxÞvi ci ˆKvÁ·vwbi cwiPvjK-mfv wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i AbyK„Gj AwfgZ cÉ`vb KGi| 1793 mGbi 23 gvPÆ jWÆ KbÆIqvwjm ˆNvlYv KGib ˆh, `kmvjv eG±`veGÕ¦i ˆgqv` AwZò×v¯¦ nIqvi ci Rwg`viG`iGK ZvG`i wbR wbR Rwg`vwii ˆejvq cÉG`q ˆh ivRÕ¼ wbaÆviY Kiv nGqwQj ZvGZ ˆKvbcÉKvi i`e`j Kiv nGe bv; Dci¯§, ZvG`i Iqvwik I AvBbMZfvGe AbÅvbÅ DîivwaKvixG`iGK ‰B cwigvY cÉG`q ivRGÕ¼i wfwîGZ wPiÕ©vwqfvGe ZvjyGKi ˆfvM`Lj Kivi AbygwZ ˆ`Iqv nGe (BÕ¦vnvi AbyGœQ` 3, aviv 4, cÉweavb 1, 1793)|

Rwg`viG`i cÉwZwò×qv  mÁ¿eZ hywî×wm«¬ KviGYB KbÆIqvwjm cÉkvmGbi cÉZÅvkv wQj ˆh, ZvG`i ‰B bZzb f„wg eÅeÕ©vwUGK Rwg`viiv wecyj Drmvn-Dóxcbvi mGã bwRiwenxb myGhvM-myweav weGePbvq Õ¼vMZ RvbvGe ‰ KviGY ˆh, ‰B eÅeÕ©vi AvIZvq f„-mÁ·wîi ˆÞGò ˆemiKvwi gvwjKvbv m†wÓ¡i ‰B myGhvMwU BZtcƒGeÆ Avi KLbI wQj bv| ‰B bem†Ó¡ f„-mÁ·wî webvgƒGjÅ Rwg`viG`i nvGZ bÅÕ¦ Kiv nq| meÆvwaK ài‚Z½cƒYÆ welq nGjv, wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i AvIZvq Rwg`viMY wPiKvGji gGZv wbaÆvwiZ nvGi miKvwi ivRÕ¼ cwiGkvGai eÅwZò×gagÆx myweav jvf KGi| eÕ§Z ‰ wm«¬v¯¦wU miKvGii w`K ˆ^GK ivRGÕ¼i wbwiGL wbwøZfvGeB ‰KwU ZÅvM Õ¼xKvi| Avi ZvB Õ·Ó¡ZB miKvi Mfxi AvMÉGn Avkv KiwQGjb ˆh, ‰K myweavGfvMx cÞ wnGmGe Rwg`viMY ‰B eG±`veÕ¦ eÅeÕ©v wecyj AvMÉn-Dóxcbv mnKvGi MÉnY KiGe I weËwUk miKvGii mykvmGbi cÉwZ abÅev` I K‡ZæZv ævcb KiGe| wK¯§ miKvi cig weÕÃGq I AvkvnZ nGq jÞÅ KiGjb ˆh, Rwg`viiv eis wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ eÅeÕ©vq AmG¯¦vl I Þzº¬ gGbvfve cÉKvk KiGQ| ‰gbwK eü nZvk Rwg`vi ‰B f„wg eG±`veÕ¦ eÅeÕ©vGK cÉZÅvLÅvb KGi, AGbGK ‰i wei‚G«¬ cÉKvkÅ cÉwZGivaI MGo ˆZvGj|

wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i kZÆvw` mÁ·GKÆ Rwg`viG`i AmG¯¦vGli AGbK hywî×mãZ KviY iGqGQ| ‰ c«¬wZGZ cƒeÆeZÆx `k eQGii cÉK‡Z LvRbv Av`vGqi ‰K Õ©„j MociZvi Ici wfwî KGi Rwg`viG`i Ici ivRÕ¼ wbi…cY Kiv nq| ‰ aiGbi AwbfÆiGhvMÅ c«¬wZi KviGY ˆKvb ZvjyGKi Ici KGii nvi ˆhgb Lye Kg nGZ cvGi Avevi ˆKvb ZvjyGKi Ici Zv AZů¦ ˆewkI nGZ cvGi| KvGRB ˆhme ZvjyK-Rwg`vwi wecyj KifvGi byÅô ^vKGe ZvG`i Rwg eGKqv eve` cÉKvkÅ wbjvGg DVv AekÅÁ¿vex| ‰Qvov, fwelÅGZ ‘Liv, µÏveb, b`xfvOb RwbZ ÞqÞwZ, ivqZ ev cÉRvi g†ZzÅ ev cjvqGbi ˆejvq’ ˆKvbiKg LvRbv gIKzd Kiv nGe bv eGj miKvGii `†p ˆNvlYv Rwg`viMY ‰Kv¯¦B AevÕ¦e eGj gZ cÉKvk KGib| Zviv hywî× ˆ`Lvb ˆh, e†wÓ¡wbfÆi ˆhGKvb K‡wl A^ÆbxwZGZ gvGS gvGSB dmjnvwb NUv Õ¼vfvweK, Avi ˆm KviGY ivRÕ¼ evwK cov AwbevhÆ| Zviv ˆRvivGjv hywî× ˆ`Lvb ˆh, KZ‡ÆcÞ hw` ‰Kv¯¦ wbqwgZ I i‚wUbgvwdK e†wÓ¡cvGZi wbøqZv weavb bv KiGZ cvGib ZvnGj Zviv ˆKgb KGi ZvG`i cÉRvG`iGK h^vmgGq I wbqwgZfvGe cÉG`q f„wg ivRÕ¼ cwiGkvGai RbÅ Pvc ˆ`Geb? Rwgi gvwjKMY f„wg eG±`veÕ¦ KgÆKZÆv I KgÆPvixG`i KvGQ ZvG`i eî×GeÅi mcGÞ mbvZb HwZwnÅK cÉ^vi welq ZzGj aGib, hvi AvIZvq cÉvK‡wZK KviGY BZtcƒGeÆ dmjnvwb NUGj ZvG`iGK miKvwi ivRÕ¼ gIKzd Kiv nGZv| 1790 mb ˆ^GK cGii wZb eQi ivRGÕ¼i ò×ge†w«¬ wQj Rwg`viG`i AviI ‰KwU AwfGhvGMi KviY| Rwg`viMY KZ‡ÆK ‰B bxwZGK AMÉnYGhvMÅ eGj MYÅ Kivi KviY nGœQ, ivRÕ¼ ò×ge†w«¬i cÉZÅvkvB wQj ˆh, wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i dGj mswkÏÓ¡ ZvjyGKi Avq ˆeGo hvGe ‰ aiGbi Abygvb wbQK K͸bvmyjf I AGhŒwî×K|

Rwg`viG`i AviI ‰KwU AwfGhvM wQj ZvjyK bxwZi cÉGk²| wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i wewaweavb Abyhvqx, ˆhme ZvjyK ‰ hver Rwg`viG`i gvaÅGg ivRÕ¼ cÉ`vb KGi AvmGQ ˆmme ZvjyGKi cÉGZÅKwUGK ‰GKKwU Õ¼Z¯¨ Rwg`vwi wnGmGe MYÅ KiGZ nGe| mKj eo AvKvGii Rwg`vwii wbq¯¨GY ‰ aiGbi eü ZvjyK wQj| ‰me ZvjyKGK ˆKvbiKg ÞwZcƒiY bv w`GqB mswkÏÓ¡ Rwg`vwi ˆ^GK ˆmàwjGK Avjv`v KGi wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ ˆ`Iqv nq| ZvjyKàwj ‰fvGe Avjv`v KGi ˆdjvi KviGY eü Rwg`vwi, ˆhàwj eÅeÕ©vcbv ev AbÅ KviGY ZvjyGKi m†wÓ¡ KGiwQj, KvhÆZ wejyµ¦ nGq hvq|

Rwg`viG`i RbÅ AvGiKwU AmyweavRbK AvBb wQj cvëv ˆiàGjkb| ‰B AvBGbi AvIZvq Rwg`viG`iGK ZvG`i cÉRvG`i cvëv cÉ`vGbi wbqg Kiv nGjv hvGZ eG±`veGÕ¦i kZÆvewj msævwqZ nq| ‰ AvBbwU ‰B gGgÆ Rwg`viG`i Ici wbGlavæv AvGivc KGi ˆh, Zviv wbaÆvwiZ AGâi LvRbvi AwZwiî× AveIqve ev ‰ aiGbi ˆKvb Ki AvGivc KiGZ cviGe bv| Rwg`viG`i weGePbv I `vwe Abyhvqx, ‰ kZÆwU wQj Rwg`vwi eÅeÕ©vcbv I gvwjKvbvq mivmwi nÕ¦GÞc| 

Rwg`viG`i gGaÅ eÅvcK AmG¯¦vl I weGÞvf, mƒhÆvÕ¦ AvBb cÉGqvGMi AvIZvq wecyj nvGi Rwg gvwjKvbvi nÕ¦v¯¦i, miKvwi ivRGÕ¼i ò×gnËvm cÉeYZv, Õ¦ƒcvKvGi RGg DVv ˆ`Iqvwb gvgjv wbÓ·wîGZ wePvi wefvMxq eÅ^ÆZv, AvBb-k†›Ljv cwiwÕ©wZi AebwZ Avi ˆmB mvG^ AvbylwãK AbÅvbÅ mKj welq miKvGii RbÅ ˆek AÕ¼wÕ¦Ki nGq `uvovq| ‰gb Avkâv cÉej nGq IGV ˆh, ‰B cÉeYZvGK ˆVKvGZ bv cviGj cwiwÕ©wZ wbq¯¨GYi evBGi PGj ˆhGZ evaÅ| ZGe KZ‡ÆcGÞi RbÅ Õ¼wÕ¦i welq wQj ‰B ˆh, wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i AcvGikb cyivGbv f„gaÅwaKvix AwfRvZ ˆkÉYxi HwZwnÅK Av^ÆmvgvwRK KvVvGgvGK hG^Ó¡ wewN³Z KiGjI, bqv kvmKGMvÓ¤x ‰i wecixGZ ‰K cuvPwgkvwj mvgvwRK ˆkÉYx MVb KiGZ mg^Æ nq| ‰G`i gGaÅ wQjZvjyK`vi , ˆRvZ`vi, ռ͸ ivRÕ¼ AvGivc Kiv nGqGQ ‰gb gvwjK, bZzb Rwg`vi, D`xqgvb ˆewbqv, Bã-fviZxq mI`vMi mÁcÉ`vq BZÅvw` QvovI AviI AGbGK| wK¯§ ‰ mGî½I Zviv mvgvwRKfvGe ZLbI ˆZgb ghÆv`v I ÞgZvi AwaKvix nq wb hvGZ Zviv mâUKvGj miKvGii mg^ÆGb RbmgvRGK ˆbZ‡Z½ w`GZ cvGi|

jWÆ IGqGjmwji kvmbvgGj (1797-1805) wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦-cieZÆx cU cwieZÆbGK AZů¦ DG«¼GMi ˆPvGL ˆ`Lv nq| IGqGjmwj miKvi wQj mvgËvRÅ MGo ˆZvjvq AãxKviv e«¬| ‰B mgGq cÉwZ gvGm kZ kZ Rwg`vwi wbjvGg weò×q Kiv nq| 1793 mGbi cƒGeÆKvi gGZv ivRÕ¼ Av`vq AwbqwgZ I AwbwøZ nGq IGV, cÉkvmwbK eÅq ˆeGo hvq, ivRÕ¼ Avq KGg AvGm, ˆ`Gki Afů¦ifvGM AvBb-k†›Ljv cwiwÕ©wZi AebwZ NGU| Rwg`vwi-nviv cyivGbv f„Õ¼vgxiv ˆewkifvM ˆÞGòB cÉwZGiva MGo ˆZvGjb| ‰ aiGbi `†kÅcU miKviGK Dw«¼™² KGi ZzGj|

IGqGjmwj ZvB wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ mÁ·wKÆZ gƒj wewaàwji wKQy msGkvab KGi Rwg`vi ˆkÉYxi mGã ‰KUv AvcGm DcbxZ nevi wm«¬v¯¦ ˆbb| ‰iB ˆcÉÞvcGU cÉYxZ nq 1799 mGbi 7 bs ˆiàGjkb hv mvaviYZ ndZg ev mµ¦g AvBb bvGg cwiwPwZ jvf KGi| ‰ AvBGbi dGj ivqZG`i Ici Rwg`viG`i jvMvgnxb ÞgZv ˆ`Iqv nq| Rwg`viMY eGKqv Av`vGqi bvGg cÉRvG`i dmj, Mevw` I mÁ·wî ˆò×vK ‰es weò×q KGi eGKqv Av`vGqi AwaKvi jvf KGi| Õ¼Z½vwaKvix wnGmGe Zviv ˆLjvwc ivqZG`i ZvG`i wbR wbR KvPvwiGZ Zje Kivi I eGKqv cwiGkva bv Kiv chƯ¦ ZvG`i cvGq ˆewo cwiGq AvUGK ivLvi, ˆKvb ˆLjvwc ivqZ Zvi cwievi I mnvq-mÁ·wî wbGq AbÅ ˆKvb wbivc` AvkÉGq cvwjGq ˆMGj H ivqGZi MÉvGgi mKGji Ici cvBKvwi Rwigvbv AvGivGci ÞgZv jvf KGi| ciMbvcÉ^v AMÉvnÅ KGi Rwg`viiv hG^œQfvGe LvRbv e†w«¬i ÞgZv jvf KGi| msGÞGc, ivqZMY ‰ZKvj hver HwZnÅMZfvGe ˆhme cÉ^vMZ AwaKvi ˆfvM KGi AvmwQj ndZg ˆmme AwaKvi ˆ^GK ZvG`i ewçZ KGi| ivqZ Amnvq ˆKvdÆv cÉRvq cwiYZ nq|

wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i gƒj AvBGbi cieZÆx msGkvab nq 1812 mGbi 5bs ˆiàGjkGbi AaxGb| AvBbwU mvaviGYÅ cvbRvg ev cçg bvGg cwiwPZ| ‰B ˆiàGjkGbi AvIZvq Rwg`viMY ˆh ˆKvb ˆgqvG`i RbÅ ZvG`i Rwg BRviv ˆ`Iqvi AwaKvi jvf KGi| BRvivi ˆgqv` 1793 mGbi AvBGb meÆvwaK `k eQGii gGaÅ mxwgZ wQj| wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i ˆgŒwjK ŠewkÓ¡Å eÅvcKfvGe e`Gj ˆ`q 1819 mGbi 8bs ˆiàGjkb hv mvaviYfvGe cîwb AvBb bvGg cwiwPZ jvf KGi| ‰B AvBbeGj Rwg`vi I ivqGZi gaÅeZÆx ‰KwU eüÕ¦iwewkÓ¡ gaÅÕ¼Z½ ˆkÉYx m†wÓ¡ Kivi AwaKvi jvf KGi| evÕ¦weKcGÞ, ‰ wQj Rwg`vwi ÞgZvi Pig wkLi ‰es ‰KB mGã, wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i gƒj DGóGkÅi eÅ^ÆZv| ‰B AvBGbi AvIZvq Rwg`viMY ZvG`i ˆLjvwc cîwb`viG`i Rwg cÉKvkÅ wbjvGg weò×q Kivi AwaKvi jvf KGi, wVK ˆhfvGe mƒhÆvÕ¦ AvBGbi AvIZvq ˆLjvwc Rwg`vGii Rwg wbjvg nGq ˆhGZv|

DGókÅ I djvdj  Rwg`viG`i mvG^ wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ mÁ·v`Gbi wKQy Av÷ DGókÅ wQj| ‰àwj nGœQ: K. ivRÕ¼ cÉ`vqK ˆkÉYxGK ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ wfwî ev eywbqv` ˆ`Iqv ‰es ivRÕ¼ Av`vq mywbwøZ Kiv; L. miKviGK cÉG`q ‰KwU bƒÅbZg ivRÕ¼ msMÉn wbwøZ Kiv; M. ivRÕ¼-msò×v¯¦ welq ˆ^GK KgÆKZÆvG`iGK `vqgyî× KGi ZvG`iGK cÉkvmGbi AbÅvbÅ ˆÞGò wbGqvwRZ Kiv; ‰es N. Rwg`vi ˆkÉYx I JcwbGewkK kvmKG`i gGaÅ Šgòx MGo ˆZvjv|

miKvi cyGivcywi bv cviGjI wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i ‰B ռ͸Ggqvw` jÞÅàwj ARÆGb mÞg nq| ivRÕ¼ cÉ`vqK Rwg`vi ˆkÉYx ‰KwU wbw`ÆÓ¡ wfwîGZ `uvwoGq hvq| miKvi ‰Lb ˆ^GK RvbZ Rwg ˆ^GK eQGi ZvG`i mwVK KZ ivRÕ¼ AvmGQ Avi Rwg`viI RvbGZb miKvGii cÉwZ Zvi Pzwî×MZ wK `vq`vwqZ½ iGqGQ| ‰i AvGM AekÅ miKvi ev ivRÕ¼ cÉ`vbKvix ˆKvb ZidB RvbZ bv ivRÕ¼ msMÉn I cwiGkvGai ˆÞGò ZvG`i mwVK AeÕ©vbwU ˆKv^vq| ivRÕ¼ weò×q AvBb ‰KwU bƒÅbZg cwigvY ivRÕ¼ Av`vq mywbwøZ KGi hv BZtcƒGeÆ wQj bv|

ivR‹bwZK DGóGkÅ Rwg`viG`i mvG^ AuvZvZ Movi KvGR Av÷ mvdjÅ AvGm wb| ‰i KviY, eG±`veGÕ¦i gƒj kZÆvw` Rwg`viG`iGK ZzÓ¡ KiGZ cvGi wb| ZGe cGi ZvG`iGK Acwimxg ÞgZv ˆ`Iqvi ci ‰es `ËeÅgƒjÅ I gƒjÅÕ¹xwZi AvGjvGK miKvGii ivRÕ¼ `vwe AGbK jNy nGq Avmvq f„-Õ¼vgx ˆkÉYx mƒhÆvÕ¦ AvBGbi Kej ˆ^GK iÞv cvq| ‰i dGj miKvGii cÉwZ ZvG`i AvbyMZÅ e†w«¬ cvq| ‰i cÉgvY wmcvnx weµÏe, Õ¼G`kx AvG±`vjb I Rwã RvZxqZvev`x AvG±`vjbKvGj miKviGK Rwg`vi ˆkÉYxi AKz¥¤ mg^Æb cÉ`vb|

ZGe wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i `xNÆGgqvw` gnîi DGókÅ wQj| ‰B AvBb cvk nIqvi cÉvØvGj KvDw´Öj mfvi wewf®² KvhÆweeiYx I còGhvMvGhvM jÞÅ KiGj welqwU cwiÓ•vi nGq IGV| ‰B eÅeÕ©vi cÉGYZviv Abygvb KGiwQGjb, ‰B bZzb c«¬wZ ejer nGj Zv cÉ^Gg K‡wlLvZ I K‡wlKvR mswkÏÓ¡ wkG͸ cyuwRev`x cwieZÆGbi mƒPbv KiGe ‰es ‰i dGj ˆ`Gk ‰KwU wk͸weµÏe msNwUZ nGe| Avkv Kiv nGqwQj, RwgGZ Õ¼Z½vwaKvi I miKvGii wPi AcwieZÆbxq ivRÕ¼ `vwei KviGY Õ©vbxq Rwg`viMY weËGUGbi f„Õ¼vgxG`i gGZv D®²qbKvgx f„Õ¼vgx nGq DVGeb| gybvdvi ˆcÉlYv ZvG`iGK ZvG`i D«¼†î cyuwR K‡wli wewf®² LvGZ ˆhgb, Avev` ev ebRãj ˆ^GK Rwg D«¬vi, ˆmP, wbÓ•vkb eÅeÕ©v wbgÆvY, ˆhvMvGhvM LvZ, K‡wlFY, D®²ZZi exR, nvU-evRvi wbgÆvY, gvQ Pvl, Mevw` cvjb BZÅvw`GZ wewbGqvGM Drmvn ˆhvMvGe| cÉZÅvkv wQj, K‡wlLvGZ cwieZÆb eÅemv-evwYRÅ I wkG͸ i…cv¯¦Gii mƒPbv KiGe Avi ‰fvGe ‰me cwieZÆb mwÁÃwjZfvGe Awf÷Í• I KGii AvKvGi miKvGii Avq eivei evovGZ ^vKGe| gGb Kiv nGqwQj, Rwg`viG`i KvGQ ivRÕ¼ `vwe wPiKvGji gGZv wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi w`Gq miKvi AvGM `xNÆGgqvG` ˆh BœQvK‡Z ÞwZ Õ¼xKvi KGiwQj ‰ aiGbi cwiwÕ©wZ Zv ˆek fvjfvGe cywlGq ˆ`Ge|

wK¯§ wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i ˆbcG^Å kvmKG`i ˆh `xNÆGgqvw` cÉZÅkv wQj Zv evÕ¦evwqZ nq wb| bZzb-cyivGbv ˆKvb Õ©vbxq Rwg`viB KLbI weËGUGbi Rwg`viG`i gGZv D®²wZgyLx Rwg`vi nGq DGV wb| MÉvgevsjvi `†kÅcU e`jvGbvi ˆÞGò Rwg`viG`i eÅ^ÆZv mÁ·GKÆ cwíZG`i gGaÅ ˆKvb w«¼gZ ˆbB| ZGe Rwg`viMY ˆKb ‰iKg AvPiY KiGjb ˆm welGq ZvG`i gGaÅ `vi‚Y gZcv^ÆKÅ iGqGQ| cyuwR msMVbgƒjK DcKiGYi mvnvGhÅ Rwgi D®²wZweavb bv KGi Zviv eis gnvRwb wewbGqvM, Lv`ÅkGmÅi eÅemvq, bZzb ZvjyK ò×q, e´£, Dc-Ki (cess), knGii welq-mÁ·wî, ivqZG`i LvRbv e†w«¬ I ZvG`i Ici AveIqve ev A‹ea Dc-Ki AvGivc BZÅvw`GZ wbGqvwRZ nb| A^Æ‹bwZK `†wÓ¡GKvY ˆ^GK Rwg`viG`i ‰ aiGbi AvPiY hywî×mãZ wQj ‰B KviGY ˆh, cyuwRev`x wewbGqvGMi ˆPGq mvg¯¦ev`x ˆkvlY wQj AwaKZi jvfRbK| RwgGZ wewbGqvM Kg gybvdvRbK I ˆewk SzwKcƒYÆ wQj eGj Rwg`viG`i ZvG`i cyuwR RwgGZ wewbGqvM Kivi ˆKvb A^Æ‹bwZK hywî× wQj bv| cÞv¯¦Gi, BsjÅvG´£ ˆm mgq K‡wlGK DrmvwnZ Kivi RbÅ ‰KUv kwî×kvjx wk͸LvZ MGo DGVwQj| Avi ˆmB mvG^ H ˆ`Gki miKvi `ËeÅgƒjÅ wÕ©wZkxj ivLv I RwggvwjK ˆkÉYxi Õ¼v^ÆiÞvq bvbv c`GÞc MÉnY KGiwQj| wK¯§ evsjvi JcwbGewkK cwiwÕ©wZGZ, Rwg`viMY ˆm aiGbi myGhvM-myweav ˆ^GK ewçZ wQj| K‡wl LvGZ D®²wZ ev cÉe†w«¬i RbÅ wk͸vqGbi cÉGqvRb AcwinvhÆ| evsjvi K‡wl A^ÆbxwZ ˆKvÁ·vwb kvmGb ‰ myweav nvivq, ˆKbbv ‰ ˆ`Gki wkG͸i ˆÞGò ˆh weivU HwZnÅ MGo DGVwQj ZvG`i AvgGj Zv a»sm nq| weËwUk kvmGbi AvIZvq evisevi `ywfÆÞ , AvKvj, `ËeÅgƒGjÅi DVvbvgv, Õ©vbxq wkG͸i wejywµ¦, weî AcPqgƒjK Šewi KviY BZÅvw` ˆ^GK evsjvi K‡wl LvZ KLbI gyî× ^vKGZ cvGi wb| ‰ aiGbi cwiGek-cwiwÕ©wZ cyuwRev`x `†wÓ¡fwãi cwieGZÆ AcPqKvix ˆfvMev`x mvg¯¦ gvbwmKZv MGo DVviB AbyK„j wQj| evsjvi Rwg`viGkÉYx ˆm gvbwmKZvi evÕ¦e cÉgvYI w`GqGQ|

mvg¯¦ gƒjÅGevGai meGPGq ˆiLvcvZGhvMÅ ˆh ŠewkÓ¡ÅwU Rwg`viMY wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i ciciB AwPGi ARÆb KGib Zv nGjv ZvG`i AbycvwRÆZ AvGq Rxeb wbeÆvn Kiv| ‰KUv evwlÆK wbaÆvwiZ AGâi A^ÆcÉvwµ¦i wewbgGq Zviv ZvG`i Rwg`vwii eÅeÕ©vcbv I wbq¯¨Y cvKvcvwKfvGe AvGiK gaÅÕ¼Z½vwaKvix ˆkÉYxi nvGZ ˆQGo ˆ`b| A^Ævr, Rwgi wbiâzk ‰KœQò Õ¼Z½vwaKvix wnGmGe Rwg`viivI AvGiKwU wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ KiGjb gaÅÕ¼Z½vwaKvixi mGã| RwgGZ ˆKvb gƒjab wewbGqvGMi `vwei wfwîGZ bq eis H RwgGZ wPiÕ©vqx Õ¼Z½vwaKvGii eGjB Rwg`viiv wPiÕ©vqx gaÅÕ¼Z½ m†wÓ¡ KGi| Õ©vqx AwaKvi jvGfi dGj ‰B bZzb gaÅÕ¼Z½vwaKvixivI Avevi DceG±`veÕ¦ w`GZ ^vGK| Avi ‰fvGe f„-Õ¼GZ½ ‰GKi wbGP AvGiK chÆvqò×wgK Õ¦i ŠZwi nGZ ^vGK, ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆÞGò Zv KGqK Õ¦Gi ˆcuŒQvq| evGKiMGé ‰iKg cGbiwU Õ¦Gii m®¬vb cvIqv hvq|

‰fvGe f„wg wbq¯¨GYi ˆÞGò ˆmvcvbò×wgK gaÅÕ© ˆkÉYxi AvwvefÆvGei myMfxi Av^ÆmvgvwRK ZvrchÆ wQj|ivRÕ¼ Rwic (Avby. 1860-1870) ‰es Rwic I eG±`veÕ¦ KvhÆò×Ggi (Avby. 1886) ˆiKWÆcò ˆ^GK ˆ`Lv hvq, ˆhme Rwg`vi wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i cGi ZvG`i cieZÆx gaÅÕ¼Z½GkÉYx f„wg eÅeÕ©vi m†wÓ¡ KGiwQj ZvG`i cÉvq mKGjB cyivGbv Rwg`vi| gaÅÕ¼Z½ gvGb cÉRvi Ici LvRbvi AwZwiî× Pvc| K^vwU ‰fvGeI ejv hvq ˆh, Rwg`vi I gaÅÕ¼Z½ eG±`veÕ¦avixi AwaKvGii wÕ©wZ ‰es LvRbvi Povnvi I gaÅÕ¼Z½ ciÕ·i-mÁ·wKÆZ| gaÅÕ¼Z½ eG±`veGÕ¦i AviI ‰KwU ài‚Z½cƒYÆ w`K iGqGQ| ‰wU nGjv, ‰ hverKvGji ebRãjgq ‰jvKvq Avevw` Rwgi mÁcÉmviGYi cÉqvGm ‰ aiGbi eG±`veÕ¦avixG`i BwZevPK f„wgKv|

Dwbk kZGKi ˆMvovi w`GK, evsjvi wewf®² AçGj, weGkl KGi DcK„jxq AçjàwjGZ weÕ¦xYÆ ‰jvKvi RjvRãjvKxYÆ Rwg Avev` KGi dmj djvGbvi KvRwU wQj cÉavbZ ‰B gaÅÕ© ˆkÉYxi eG±`veÕ¦avixi K‡wZZ½| ‰ivB ZvG`i cuywR msMVb I Rbkwî× LvwUGq ‰B Rwgi Avev` cÉwò×qvq ˆbZ‡Z½ ˆ`q| ZGe gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMxi Drcv`bkxj f„wgKv wek kZGKi ÷i‚GZ e®¬ nGq hvq| KviY, ZLb Avi cwiÓ•vi I cybi‚«¬vGii RbÅ Avi ˆKvb Lvwj Rwg AewkÓ¡ wQj bv| ZvB ‰i mvG^ mvG^ ivqZG`i wVK DcGii Õ¦iwU Qvov mKj ˆkÉYxi gaÅÕ© eG±`veÕ¦avixi f„wg eÅeÕ©vcbvq Avi ˆKvb f„wgKv wQj bv| dGj ‰iv wbZv¯¦B Pvwli dmj I AbÅvbÅ Drcv`Gbi Ici wbfÆikxj ‰K ciRxexGZ cwiYZ nq|

wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ eÅeÕ©vi AeÞq  wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ ejer Kivi AeÅewnZ cGiB Rwg`vGii kwî× I wbq¯¨GYi ˆÞGò mâU ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| ‰i cGi ‰KUv mgGqi RbÅ ‰ eÅeÕ©vq wÕ©wZ weivR KGi| ‰gbwK, Rwg`vi ˆkÉYxi ‰KUv ZzjbvgƒjK mg†w«¬I ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| KGqK `dv AvBGb (1795-‰i 35 bs cÉweavb, 1799-‰i 7 bs cÉweavb, 1812 mGbi 5 bs cÉweavb ‰es 1819-‰i 8 bs cÉweavb) cÉ`î mswÞµ¦ ÞgZveGj Rwg`viMY ZvG`i LvRbv e†w«¬ I `Ë‚Z Av`vGqi AwaKvi jvf KGib| ivRÕ¼ eGKqv ^vKvi KviGY Rwg`vwi ZvjyGKi cÉKvkÅ weò×q 1820 mGbi ci ˆ^GK weij NUbv nGq IGV| 1813 mGb evsjv Aeva evwYGRÅi RbÅ D¯Ãyî× nIqvi ci ‰Lvb ˆ^GK cÉv^wgK cYÅvw` AviI ˆewk cwigvGY iµ¦vwb nGZ ^vGK I Rwg`vwi AvGqi ˆÞGò ‰i BwZevPK cÉfve cGo| RbmsLÅv e†w«¬ I ˆmB KviGY K‡wl mÁcÉmviY, evwYwRÅK RvGZi dmGji Avev` I gƒGjÅi Ea»ÆgyLx MwZ ‰ meB Rwg`vwi A^ÆbxwZGZ AbyK„j cÉfve ˆdGj|

ZGe `yfÆvMÅRbKfvGe Rwg`vi ˆkÉYxi mg†w«¬i cvkvcvwk K‡lKG`i RxeGb Abyi…c mg†w«¬ AvGm wb| Pvwli D«¼†î mÁ·` Rwg`vi I gaÅÕ¼Z½GfvMxiv LvRbv I bvbv aiGbi Puv`v ˆhgb, AveIqve, Zzüwi, `Õ¦wi, ˆfU, bRivbv, ˆeMvi , mvjvwg BZÅvw` i…Gc cwiKw͸ZfvGe ˆkvlY KGi| dGj Pvwliv ÷ay LvRbv cwiGkva I Rxeb aviGYi RbÅ hZUzKz cÉGqvRb ˆmB cwigvY Drcv`b KGi ˆhGZ ^vGK| Dwbk kZGKi ˆMvovi w`GK wek¼ chÆvGqi cuywRev`x A^ÆbxwZi mvG^ evsjv mÁ·wKÆZ nevi ci, cÍÏx RbcG`i RxebaviY I A^ÆbxwZ AviI cÉPí PvGci gyGL cGo| evsjvi cÉvq meÆò, weGkl KGi, cƒeÆeGã 1850-‰i `kGKi ˆklfvM ˆ^GK KGqK `dv K‡lK weG`Ëvn NGU| ‰ wQj Rwg`vi I ivqZG`i gGaÅ ÞzY³ mÁ·GKÆi meGPGq cÉZÅÞ ewntcÉKvk| cÉ^Gg muvIZvj ciMbvq K‡lK ˆMvjGhvM (1855)  w`Gq ‰B mâGUi mƒPbv NGU| ‰ici bxj Pvl nq ‰gb me ˆRjvq ˆ`Lv ˆ`q bxj weG`Ëvn (1859-61)| 1858 mb ˆ^GK 1860 mb chƯ¦ bxj cÉwZGiva AvG±`vjb PGj| 1870-‰i `kK I 1880-i `kGKi cÉ^gfvGM K‡lK cÉwZGiva DG«¼MRbK ˆgvo ˆbq| ‰B mgq evsjvi ˆKvb ˆKvb ‰jvKvq Pvwliv RwgGZ ZvG`i AwaKvi cÉwZÓ¤vi `vweGZ I Rwg`viG`i D«¼†î ˆkvlY bƒÅbZg Kivi jGÞÅ ‰KGò ˆRvU euvGa| ‰B AvgGj meÆvGcÞv DGÍÏLGhvMÅ K‡lK AvG±`vjbàwj nGjv ZzlLvwj (evGKiMé) K‡lK AvG±`vjb (1872-75), cvebv K‡lK weG`Ëvn (1873), gqgbwmsn DcRvZxq K‡lK AvG±`vjb (1874-1882), gy´ÖxMé (XvKv) K‡lK AvG±`vjb (1880-81) I ˆgGn±`xMé (evGKiMé) K‡lK weG`Ëvn (1880-81)| divGqhxiv (gymwjg msÕ•viev`x ‰KwU mÁcÉ`vq) K‡lK Õ¼vG^Æi cGÞ f„wgKv MÉnY KGi ‰es ˆMvUv ˆ`kRyGo, weGkl KGi, `wÞY evsjvq Rwg`vwi wbq¯¨GYi wei‚G«¬ eÅvcK ˆMvjGhvM I mvsMVwbK KvhÆò×g MGo ˆZvGj| ‰B cÉwZGiva AvG±`vjbiZ Pvwl ˆRvUàwji Awf®² `vwe wQj RwgGZ ivqGZi AwaKvi cybtcÉwZÓ¤v|

‰me weG`Ëvn I cÉwZGiva AvG±`vjGbi KviGY wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ eÅeÕ©vi AeÞq ÷i‚ nq| Õ¼Z½vwaKvix Z^v Rwgi gvwjK ˆkÉYxàwj ivqZ ev cÉRvG`i Ici ZvG`i wbq¯¨Y nvivGZ ^vGK| ivqZMY RwgGZ ZvG`i AwaKvGii cGÞ ˆmvœPvi nq| Rwg`viMY weG`Ëvnx ivqZG`i mvgvj w`GZ bv ˆcGi ZvG`i k†›Ljvq wdwiGq wbGq AvmGZ miKvGii mvnvhÅ, ‰gbwK, cÉGqvRGb weG`Ëvn kv¯¦ Kivi RbÅ mvgwiK evwnbxi mvnvhÅ Pvq| DcwbGek I mvgËvRÅ iÞvi KviGY ‰i cÉGqvRb ˆ`Lv ˆ`q| K‡lKG`i cÉwZev`-AvG±`vjb mÁ·wKÆZ cÉvq mKj miKvwi cÉwZGe`Gb Rwg`vi ˆkÉYxi `yeÆj AeÕ©vi K^v, weGkl KGi, ‰i `vwi`ËveÕ©vi DGÍÏL Kiv nq| DîivwaKvi AvBGbi KviGY ZvjyKàwji wefwî× I cybweÆfvRb NGU| ‰QvovI cvwievwiK Kjn, weev`-wemÁ¼v`, Rwg`vwiGZ AbycwÕ©wZi cÉeYZv, gaÅÕ© eG±`veÕ¦ m†wÓ¡, Õ¼Z½vwaKvixi AKvj g†ZzÅ, eÅqevüjÅ I mÁ·wKÆZ AviI bvbvwea KviGY Rwg`vi ˆkÉYx KvVvGgvwU AeÞGqi KeGj cGo| Dwbk kZGKi cÉ^g 25 eQGi gaÅÕ¼Z½ ev gaÅÕ© eG±`veÕ¦avix eÅwî×G`i AeqGe ‰K AeÕ©vc®² I cÉZÅqx Avevw` gaÅweî ˆkÉYx, ˆRvZ`vi, nvIjv`vi I AbÅvbÅ weîevb K‡lGKi ‰KbvMvGo AvwefÆve NUGZ ^vGK|

LvRbv AvBb 1859  cwiwÕ©wZ ‰wMGq Pjvi gyGL K‡lK mgvRGK, weGkl KGi, Õ¼Z½vwaKvix abx PvwlG`i Avi DGcÞv Kiv miKvGii cGÞ mÁ¿e nGjv bv| wmcvwn weµÏe I Zvi KvQvKvwQ mgGq AbywÓ¤Z bxjPvwlG`i weG`ËvnRwbZ ˆMvjGhvGMi KviGY cÍÏx RbcG`i Õ¼v^Æ AviI DGcwÞZ nIqvi wec` mÁ·GKÆ miKvi mRvM nGq IGV| mvgËvwRÅK cÉGqvRGb AbyMZ Rwg`viG`i iÞvi ZvwM` wQj Ri‚wi| hyMcr cÉwZev`x K‡lKKzjGK iÞvI nGq `uvovq ivR‹bwZK evaÅevaKZv| ‰B Dcjwº¬i wÕ©i cÉKvk NGU 1859 mGb LvRbv AvBb cvk nIqvi gGaÅ| ‰B AvBGb A¯¦Z ˆKvb ˆKvb ˆkÉYxi ivqGZi AwaKvGii Õ¼xK‡wZ `vGbi cÉqvm jÞÅ Kiv hvq| ivqZG`iGK HwZnÅMZ avivq Ly`Kk&ZÕ¦ I cvBKvkZv bvGg `ywU ˆkÉYxGZ fvM Kiv nGZv| ‰Lb ‰mGei cwieGZÆ PvwlmgvRGK AvBbMZfvGe I LvRbv AvBGbi AvIZvq wZbwU eGMÆ ev MÉ‚Gc wefî× Kiv nq| ‰àwj nGjv: K. cvBKvkZv wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i 3bs aviv Abyhvqx wbaÆvwiZ nvGii LvRbvq RwgiÞK ivqZ; L. f„wg `LGj ivLvi ivqZ A^Ævr 12 eQGiiI ˆewk mgq RwgGZ `Lj`vi ivqZ (6 bs aviv), ‰es M. RwgGZ `LjvwaKvi ˆbB ‰gb ivqZ| ‰B ivqZG`i wbq¯¨GYi RbÅ LvRbv cvëv c«¬wZi cybtcÉeZÆb Kiv nq| ‰Lb ˆ^GK LvRbv cwiGkvGai welqwU cvëvi kZÆvewj «¼viv wbaÆvwiZ nGZ ^vGK| ‰GZ evwlÆK LvRbvi cwigvY (bM` ev eÕ§GZ) wbw`ÆÓ¡ KGi ˆ`Iqv nq hvi AwZwiî× ˆKvb AveIqve AvGivGci AwaKvi Rwg`viG`i iBj bv| ‰ aiGbi AveIqve AvGivc ‰Lb ˆ^GK `íGhvMÅ Aciva (2bs aviv) eGj MYÅ nq| ndZg AvBGb (1799-‰i 7bs cÉweavb) Rwg`viMY cÉ`î ÞgZv Abyhvqx ˆhGKvb ˆkÉYxi ivqZGK KvPvwiGZ nvwRi nGZ evaÅ KiGZ I LvRbv ˆLjvwc nevi RbÅ ZvG`iGK kvixwiKfvGe wbM†nxZ KiGZ cviGZb (11 bs aviv)| Rwg`viMY ZvG`i ‰B ÞgZv ˆ^GKI ewçZ nq| LvRbv AvBGbi AvIZvq Rwg`vi KZƆK cÉ^g ˆkÉYxi (KvGqwg) ivqZG`i hvG`i LvRbv wPiÕ©vwqfvGe wbw`ÆÓ¡ ZvG`i LvRbv e†w«¬ wbwl«¬ Kiv nq| Rwg`vwi wewbGqvM, `ËeÅgƒjÅ e†w«¬ BZÅvw` KviY cÉ`kÆb bv KGi `Lj`vi ivqGZi LvRbv e†w«¬i ÞgZvI Rwg`viiv nvivb| A-`Lj`vi ivqGZi Rwgi Nb Nb LvRbvI e†w«¬ e®¬ KGi ˆ`Iqv nq|

H mgq bvMv` miKvwi mg^ÆGbi Ici AwZ wbfÆikxj Rwg`viG`i ‰B LvRbv AvBGbi weGivwaZv Kivi gGZv mvnm wQj bv| ZGe Zviv ‰B AvBb DGcÞv Kivi ˆPÓ¡v KGi| Zviv fvj KGiB RvbGZv ˆh AvBb gvGbB Zv meÆ`v ejer-ˆhvMÅ bq| Zviv AvGMi gGZvB Rwgi LvRbv evwoGq ˆhGZ ^vGK| ‰iciI ˆLjvwc ivqZG`i AvGMi gGZvB KvPvwiGZ ˆWGK wbGq eGKqv Av`vGqi RbÅ ZvG`i Ici wbhÆvZb PjGZ ^vGK| `LwjÕ¼Z½I mPivPi AÕ¼xKvi Kiv nq| dGj Rwg`vi I cÉRvi mÁ·GKÆ `Ë‚Z AebwZ NGU, hvi eÅvwµ¦ ˆevSv hvq 1870 ‰es 1880 `kGKi eÅvcK K‡lK AmG¯¦vl ˆ^GK|

eãxq cÉRvÕ¼Z½ AvBb, 1885  1870-‰i `kGKi ò×geaÆgvb K‡lK AmG¯¦vl miKvGii RbÅ Av^ÆivR‹bwZK KviGY hG^Ó¡ DG«¼GMi KviY nGq IGV| 1879 mGb Rwg`vi-cÉRvi (ivqZ/Pvwl) gaÅKvi DGîRbvKi mÁ·GKÆi welGq Z`¯¦ KGi I ˆm welGq miKvGii KvGQ cÉwZKvigƒjK mycvwikgvjv ˆck Kivi RbÅ ‰KwU LvRbv Kwgkb MwVZ nq| ‰B LvRbv KwgkGbi cÉwZGe`b mƒGòB 1885 mGbi eãxq cÉRvÕ¼Z½ AvBGbi D«¿e NGU| ‰B AvBGb cÉ^gevGii gGZv Rwgi mGeÆvœP Õ¼Z½vwaKvix ˆ^GK ÷i‚ KGi meÆwbÁ²Õ¦Gi RwgPvwl A^Ævr RwgGZ Õ¼v^Æavix wewf®² cGÞi AwaKviàwj msævwqZ Kivi cÉqvm ˆbIqv nq| evÕ¦weKcGÞ, ‰B AvBb Rwg`vGii ÞgZv I myGhvM-myweav hG^Ó¡ QuvUvB KGi ˆ`q|

eãxq LvRbv AvBb wbtmG±`Gn wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i gƒj KvVvGgvGZ hG^Ó¡ cwieZÆb Avbqb KGi| ‰Lb ˆ^GK Rwg`vi RwgGZ AbÅZg Õ¼v^ÆGMvÓ¤x nGq IGVb gvò, hw`I wZwb me Õ¼v^Æavixi ˆPGq ZzjbvgƒjKfvGe D®²ZZi Õ¼v^Æavix wnGmGeB ˆ^GK hvb| ZGe ‰evi AvBb evÕ¦evqb Z^v ejer Kivi welGq miKvi Av¯¦wiKZv cÉ`kÆb KGib| eãxq cÉRvÕ¼Z½ AvBGbi evÕ¦evqb wbweofvGe cwiexÞY Kiv nq I ˆ`Lv hvq ˆh, ‰B AvBb AZů¦ mvdGjÅi mGã ˆ`Gki cÍÏx AçGj kvw¯¦ cÉwZÓ¤vq mÞg nGqGQ|

1920-‰i `kGK Avevi K‡lK AvG±`vjb ÷i‚ nq| 1919 mGbi msweavb Abyhvqx wbeÆvPGb RGqi RbÅ cÉv^ÆxG`i MYmsGhvGMi cÉGqvRbxqZv AZÅvekÅK wQj| ‰B cÉGqvRGbi ZvwMG` mKj eo ivR‹bwZK `j ZvG`i wbR wbR `jxq msMVGbi K‡lK kvLv cÉwZÓ¤v KGi| K‡lK kvLvmsMVbàwj K‡wl LvGZ ˆhme mgmÅv PvwlG`i wechÆÕ¦ KiGQ ˆmàwj mÁ·GKÆ ZvG`iGK mRvM I mGPZb KGi ZzjGZ ˆPÓ¡v KGi| ‰fvGe ivqZ ev cÉRviv evgc¯©x msMÉvgx-KgÆxG`i «¼viv mwò×q I AwaKvimGPZb nGq IGV| Zviv eySGZ cvGi ˆh, ‰LbI Zviv Rwgi MvQ KvUv, ‰KUv wbaÆvwiZ ˆgqvG`i ˆewk mgGqi RbÅ Rwg e®¬K ivLv, Rwg Õ¼Z½vwaKvixi AbygwZ Qvov Rwg nÕ¦v¯¦i, ˆKvb cvKv KvVvGgv wbgÆvY, cyKzi Lbb BZÅvw`i eÅvcvGi ewçZ iGq ˆMGQ| ‰ mgÕ¦ KvGRi RbÅ Rwg`vGii AbyGgv`b cÉGqvRb nGZv Avi ejvevüjÅ, mvjvwg cwiGkva Qvov ‰GZ Rwg`vGii AbyGgv`b cvIqv ˆhZ bv| 1928 mGb msGkvabx ‰Gb ‰me ˆÞGò cÉvq mKj wewawbGla `ƒi Kiv nq| msGkvwaZ AvBGbi AvIZvq ivqZMY Rwg`vGii AbygwZ QvovB ZvG`i Rwg nÕ¦v¯¦Gii AwaKvi jvf KGi, ZGe nÕ¦v¯¦Gii RbÅ Rwg`viGK mvjvwg cÉ`vGbi weavb envj ˆ^GK hvq| Rwg`vGii H Rwg ˆKbvi AMÉvwaKviI envj ^vGK| Pvwliv Rwg`vGii AbygwZ QvovB ZvG`i RwgGZ MvQ I cyKzi KvUv ‰es cvKv KvVvGgv wbgÆvGYi AwaKvi jvf KGi|

wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i Aemvb  1935 mGbi fviZ kvmb AvBb cvk I ‰ AvBGbi evÕ¦evqb chÆvGq K‡lK ivRbxwZ bZzb KGi DóxwcZ nq| wewf®² ivR‹bwZK `j PvwlG`i mgmÅvàwjGK kvwbZ KGi ˆZvGj|K‡lK cÉRv cvwUÆ bvGg ‰K bZzb ivR‹bwZK `j MwVZ nq| ‰B `Gji `†p AãxKvi wQj cÉavbZ cÉRv ˆkÉYxi Õ¼v^ÆiÞv| ‰ `Gji ˆbZv ‰.ˆK dRjyj nK AãxKvi KGib, wZwb KLbI ÞgZvq ˆMGj wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ cÉ^v cyGivcywi wejyµ¦ KiGeb| 1937 mGb wZwb evsjvi miKvi MVb KGib| AwPGiB nK gw¯¨mfv f„wg ivRÕ¼ Kwgkb bvGg ‰KwU KwgwU (mvaviYfvGe, dÑvDW Kwgkb bvGg cwiwPZ) MVb KGib| ‰ KwgkGbi mywbw`ÆÓ¡ `vwqZ½ wQj wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ cÉ^vi Aemvb NUvGbv| AekÅ ‰B KwgkGbi KvQ ˆ^GK mycvwik cvIqvi AGcÞvq bv ˆ^GK nK gw¯¨mfv ZvG`i wbeÆvPKgíjxi bƒÅbZg m¯§wÓ¡i RbÅ 1938 mGbi eãxq cÉRvÕ¼Z½ AvBGb AvGiKwU msGkvabx (6bs AvBb) Avbqb KGi| ‰i AvIZvq mvjvwg eÅeÕ©v I ivqwZ Rwg nÕ¦v¯¦Gii ˆejvq Rwg`vGii ò×qvMÉvwaKvi wejyµ¦ Kiv nq ‰es eMÆv`vi ev fvMPvwlG`i ˆKvb ˆKvb AwaKviGK Õ¼xK‡wZ ˆ`Iqv nq| 1938 mGbi 6bs AvBbeGj cÉRviv ZvG`i Rwgi KvhÆZ Õ¼Z½vwaKvix nGq IGVb|

dÑvDW Kwgkb 1940 mGb Zvi cÉwZGe`b ˆck KGi| Kwgkb jÞÅ KGi ˆh, cwiewZÆZ cwiwÕ©wZi AvGjvGK Rwg`vwi eÅeÕ©v Avi envj ivLv hvq bv| Zviv ‰B Rwg`vwi I ˆmBmvG^ RwgGZ LvRbv Av`vqKvix mKj gaÅÕ© Õ¼v^Æavix cGÞi AwÕ¦Z½ wejyµ¦ Kivi mycvwik KGi| wK¯§ BGZvgGaÅ cÉRvÕ¼vG^Æi cÉeî×v dRjyj nK ivR‹bwZKfvGe `yeÆj nGq covq ‰B mvnwmK KvRwU mÁ·ƒYÆ KiGZ cvGib wb| dGj dÑvDW Kwgkb wiGcvUÆ AevÕ¦evwqZ ˆ^GK hvq|

DîieGãi ˆZfvMv AvG±`vjb ‰i (1946-47) NUbvcÉevn miKviGK ÕÃiY KwiGq ˆ`q ˆh, RvZxqZvev`x ev mvÁ·É`vwqK ivR‹bwZK gnGji ˆPGq wbcxwoZ K‡lKKzjB AGbK ˆewk f„wg msÕ•vGii cÞcvZx wQj| eÅvcK ˆZfvMv AvG±`vjGbi cÉwZwò×qv wnGmGe evsjv miKvGii ZrKvjxb cÉavb ˆnvGmb knx` ˆmvn&ivIqv`ÆxAvBb wnGmGe AbyGgv`b KivGbvi RbÅ 1947 mGbi ˆMvovi w`GK `ywU wej AvBbmfvq Avbqb KGib| wej`ywU nGjv Rwg`vwi (ZvjyK) AwaMÉnY I cÉRvÕ¼Z½ wej ‰es eãxq eMÆv`vi (weavb) wej| ‰i DGókÅ wQj wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veGÕ¦i wejywµ¦ I eMÆv`viG`i AeÕ©vbMZ ghÆv`vi D®²wZ weavb Kiv| ˆ`k wefvGMi ivRbxwZi KviGY wej `ywU ˆkl chƯ¦ AvBGb cwiYZ Kiv hvq wb| AekÅ ˆ`kwefvGMi ci ‰B wejàwjB ‰K bZzb wej AvKvGi ˆck Kiv nq| ‰B weGji bvg ˆ`Iqv nq cƒeÆeãxq Rwg`vwi AwaMÉnY I cÉRvÕ¼Z½ wej, 1948| H eQGii 16 wWGmÁ¼i wejwU 1950 mGbi cƒeÆeã Rwg`vwi AwaMÉnY I cÉRvÕ¼Z½ AvBb ‰ cwiYZ nq| ‰B AvBGbi AvIZvq ˆkl chƯ¦ wPiÕ©vqx eG±`veÕ¦ cÉ^vi Aemvb NGU| ‰Lb ˆ^GK ivqZ ev cÉRvMY Rwgi gvwjK ev Õ¼Z½vwaKvix wnGmGe AwfwnZ nq| Avi miKvGii cÉRv wnGmGe miKviGKB Zviv mivmwi LvRbv cÉ`vb KiGZ ^vGK|  [wmivRyj Bmjvg]